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This might come as a shock to you but understand that Abraham was under the laws of Noah, with the addition of circumcision (non-binding on people who are not part of the covenant of Abraham).
First of all, the number of laws = the number of colors easily visible in a rainbow, and also the number of days of creation, that is, seven.
This is shown from a number of incidents in Genesis, including the fact that God created the world. Denunciations against idolatry are many in the Old Testament. One only needs to look at Gen. 35:2:
Then Jacob said unto his household, and to all that were with him, Put away the strange gods that are among you, and be clean, and change your garments: (KJV)
We see the negative consequences of denying God in the Tower of Babel incident (Gen 11-they wanted to make a name for themselves, as if they were as powerful as God). Anything that takes the place of or substitutes for the one true God is idolatry.
Since God created the world, this is a given, but it is explicitly stated in Lev 24:16 "And he who utters the name of the L-RD blashphemously...both the stranger and the resident alien..." The stranger is a non-Jew (though he/she may be in the process of learning about Judaism and converting, but not yet Jewish).
Cain and Abel (Gen 4:8-16) is an obvious example of murder, and God clearly does not approve of it, but there is a specific prohibition as well. Gen 9:5-6 "But for your own life-blood [human life] I will require a reckoning: I will require it of every beast; of man too, I will require a reckoning for human life, of every man for that of his fellow man! Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed; for in His image did God make man." The fact that man will shed the blood of the murderer, also leads to the necessity of courts (law 7).
Also included under this law are such things as not fighting wars of aggression (self-defense is permitted), not to abort a fetus if the mother's life or reproductive ability is not in danger, no euthanasia or assisted suicide, and no suicide. A child of Noach may not break the law not to murder even to save their own life. For example, to murders another because you yourself are being threatened by another at gunpoint, is prohibited--a person may defend themself, but may not murder a person who is not out to murder them. The other 6 laws may be violate in order to save your life, but in no case may you murder.
Ham's son Canaan had incestuous, homosexual relations with his grandfather, Noah. (Gen 10:20-28) In the Tanach, to uncover someones nakedness it to have sex with that person. So, Canaan must have had sex with Noah while Noah was drunk. Since Canaan got punished, not Ham, Canaan must have done the deed (homosexuality). Later the Torah, it will say that if you uncover the nakedness of your mother, for example, it is as if you were uncovering the nakedness of your father. Thus, Ham is connected in the verse, by the deed was done by Canaan. Additionally, there is the incident with Lot and his daughters, which was incestuous.
Adultery is shown to be prohibited by God's reaction when Pharaoh takes Sarai into his house (Gen 12:10-20, see also Gen 20:1-7).
Bestiality is one of the main reasons for the flood as a judgment upon mankind as sex with animals was prominent before the flood. After the flood God changed the die of mankind in order to remind mankind that now he is to eat what he used to mate with. By such an action God make a great division between mankind and the animal world and this reminds us today that we are made in the image of God and above the animal creation.
Additionally, it says in Genesis 2:24 "Hence a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife, so that they become one flesh". Clearly he is not to be one flesh with anyone except his wife.
There is the incident where Joseph's brothers find their money back in their sacks. They are dismayed, clearly they are afraid they will be accused of stealing (Gen 43:35). Again, in Gen 44:1-10, notice that they were accused of stealing in verse 8, that stealing is evil (verse 4), wicked (verse 5), and that they brothers expected that if one had stolen, that they should die (verse 9) and the rest become slaves. The Egyptian says that only the one who has the goblet will become a slave. Clearly stealing is illegal.
Besides the obvious acts of theft, this also means that a B'nai Noach cannot: cheat a worker or employer out of money, overcharge, shift a landmark to add someones property to your own, refuse to pay money owed, kidnap a person (this, by the way, includes a prohibition to kidnap a fellow to enslave them), use false weights or measures, looting in wartime (or in peacetime, as that too is theft), or commit rape which is also considered a form of "theft."
Gen 9:3-4 "Every creature that lives shall be yours to eat; as with the green grasses, I give you all these. You must not, however, eat flesh with its life-blood in it." Flesh with its life blood in it is considered to be eating from a living animal. So no consumption of blood in any form whatsoever or cruelty to any life form as seen in the eating of "meat" or "flesh" while the animal suffers and is not dead. This commandment will lead to many different laws involving the humane destruction of animals for food sources by the Jewish people.
Gen 7:11 "The earth had become corrupt before God; the earth was filled with lawlessness" Additionally, this law not only assures accountability of mankind for the observance of these above prohibitions and commandments of God but allows Noachide communities to make other laws their society needs, provided they do not conflict with the first 6 laws above.
Acknowledging the Noachide Law's rationality, Maimonides also introduces another consideration when he writes:
Whoever accepts the seven commandments and observes them with care is considered a pious Gentile, and has a share in the eternal life; but this is on condition that he receive and fulfill these precepts because God has prescribed them in His Law, and revealed to us through Moses our teacher that these are the rules of life given originally to the sons of Noah. But if he observes them only because reason seems to endorse them, he may not be regarded as a proselyte of the gate, or fellow citizen, or as a pious man or sage among the Gentiles (Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Melakim 8.11).